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Metal detecting holidays in England Twinned with Midwest Historical Research Society USA |
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Metal detecting holidays in England Twinned with Midwest Historical Research Society USA |
Other Roman coin links For 3rd to 4thC Roman bronze coins click here All comments and ID's under the coins are from Mark Lehman our clubs Roman coin expert
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2ndC Roman bronze coin sent for ID 16.36g, 27.34mm The sestertius is either Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius as Caesar (during the reign of Antoninus Pius). Their portraits are just too similar during that period - 139-161 AD - to be able to tell them apart in this photo - there's simply not enough contrast even to be able to tweak-up some bits of legend to try to tell them apart. The reverse is probably Liberalitas - they did a number of donatives to the public and so the Liberalitas reverses are pretty common. Probabaly no other 20-yr period saw the striking of more types of sestertii, so pinning this one down any closer without being able to read any legend is just not likely to happen. If you can take a photo in oblique light that allows some shadows to point-up what relief may be visible - or if it cleans up to be more legible, send me more photos and I'll see if I can pin it down more closely for you.
Mark
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Big Roman AS coin - sent for ID There's not quite enough legend present to give you "chapter and verse" on this one, but it's Marcus Aurelius - 161-180 AD - and the reverse type is Aequitas holding a set of scales and cornucopiae. Chances are the reverse legend is a typical Antonine laundry-list of titles, TR P, IMP and COS year notations. Mark |
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4thC Roman coin used as Saxon pendant - sent for ID 6.84g,28.86mm Although I can't make out very much of the name on the obverse, on the basis of size and general type plus what few letters are readable, I'll guess that this is Constantius I (father of Constantine the Great) as Caesar - 293-305 AD. He is particularly associated with Britain, BTW, dying at York in 306 after a very brief stint as Augustus. The reverse appears to be the common GENIO POPVLI ROMANI type with the "Genius" of the Roman People standing left, sacrificing from a patera and holding a cornucopiae. This was the more-or-less "standard" reverse type for the large-module folles of the late 3rd-early 4th centuries - although there were many other types, the "Genio's" far outnumbered any other type and were struck at all Imperial mints. Mark |
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Huge As sized Roman bronze coin - sent for ID That is definitely Marcus Aurelius - 161-180 AD. The piece is a little too worn to get an accurate date from it - the reverse type is reduced to "generic" personification: female, facing left, raising right hand and/or holding something in it, and either resting on a scepter or holding a cornucopiae, etc. Could be any of 20 or 30 stock personifications of abstract concepts.
If there were enough detail left in the obverse legend for it to be deciphered, it would probably contain a TR P or Consular date which would allow us to narrow-down the time-frame to a year or two, but that is an "older" bust of Aurelius, when he had let his "Philosopher's Beard" grow, and was being portrayed on coins with it long and scraggly.
My guess is that it's no earlier than 170 AD - and could be as late as 180.
Mark
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3ndC Roman coin sent for ID 23.36g, 34mm he "As" (depending on size, it might be a sestertius) is Julia Mamaea, mother of Severus Alexander, 222-235 AD. (and the real power behind the throne). The reverse type is FELICITAS PVBLICA with Felicitas cross-leggedly lounging against a conveniently located short column, holding a caduceus. It's known in at least 2 different sizes - Sestertius and Dupondius/As. Since the bust is not on a crescent, we can rule out Dupondius, so depending on size, it's either an As or a Sestertius. This type dates to 228 AD. Here's a photo of a Sestertius of the same type in my collection - http://www.stoa.org/gallery/album97/ML_20_J_Mammaea_Felicitas_sest Mark |
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2ndC Roman bronze coin sent for ID The 1st one here is (I'm almost completely sure) a Marcus Aurelius with winged thunderbolt reverse. These typically date to fairly late in his career as Augustus - the late 170's AD. But I'm not sure what the denomination is. I couldn't quickly find an example of an As with the winged thunderbolt reverse, only a Dupondius. However, it doesn't appear that Aurelius is wearing the radiate crow of Helios/Sol - and all his Dupondii are radiate - so I'm a little uncertain about the denomination, but it surely is Marcus Aurelius and a winged thunderbolt reverse. Mark |
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Roman coin sent for ID |
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Huge Roman As sent for ID It's probably best - or at least easiest - to identify this piece for you this way, see: http://www.stoa.org/gallery/album94/ML07_M_Aurel_Vic_Writing_sest
Since their portraits are so similar, and the legends are as well, since the legends are almost gone on your specimen, it could be either Aurelius or Verus. On the basis of general scarcity, I'd say it's more likely to be Marcus Aurelius, but the portrait favors co-emperor Lucius Verus. In either case, this type - Victory hanging a shield inscribed VIC / PAR on a palm tree - dates to 166 AD.
Mark
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Huge 134 AD Hadrian Roman As coin |
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Huge 134 AD Hadrian Roman As coin |
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Large Roman 1st/2ndC AS sent for ID
These are AE's of Faustina II, wife of Marcus Aurelius (I believe - it could be Lucilla, but she's not as likely as Faustina) and Hadrian. I can't quite figure out what's happening on the reverse of the Hadrian - looks like a transverse chain? Nothing I'm immediately familiar with, at any rate. perhaps it is 45º rotated to clockwise and I'm seeing a shield and the outline of drapery and an arm? If so, could be a lot of different things, but Roma, Mars & Virtus come to mind - all would have grounded shields.
The Faustina/Lucilla Rx is a Diana Lucifera type - Diana holding a long torch transversely.
Mark
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Large Roman 1st/2ndC AS sent for ID These are AE's of Faustina II, wife of Marcus Aurelius (I believe - it could be Lucilla, but she's not as likely as Faustina) and Hadrian. I can't quite figure out what's happening on the reverse of the Hadrian - looks like a transverse chain? Nothing I'm immediately familiar with, at any rate. perhaps it is 45º rotated to clockwise and I'm seeing a shield and the outline of drapery and an arm? If so, could be a lot of different things, but Roma, Mars & Virtus come to mind - all would have grounded shields.
The Faustina/Lucilla Rx is a Diana Lucifera type - Diana holding a long torch transversely.
Mark
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2nd C Roman bronze sent for ID |
Non hoard Roman bronze sent for ID 29.76mm, 16.03g This one will be from a different occupation horizon that most of what you've been digging recently. It's not easy to be sure with the condition it's in, but I believe that's a mature-bust portrait of Hadrian - so we're looking at c. 125-138 AD. 200 years, give or take, before the Constantinian-era material which has been the majority of what you seem to be finding at your "village" site.
It's interesting, overall, that you almost never seem to find any 3rd century / Severan Dynasty material - on this or any of your other sites. It's as though the area was abandoned for a century-plus between the late 2nd century and the early-mid 4th century.
Mark
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Non hoard Roman coin sent for ID Quick reply is that it's a sestertius of Marcus Aurelius as Caesar (138-161) under Antoninus Pius. Not sure what the reverse type is yet, the figure is in "military garb" but I don't recognize the pose right offhand - I'll look more closely later.
Mark
I spent a good deal of time trying to run this one to ground - and didn't quite satisfy myself as to who, what and when it is, but I can tell you generally what it has to be. On the basis of the un-bearded-looking chin, in order of likelihood, this is a sestertius of A) Antoninus Pius, B) Marcus Aurelius, C) Commodus. Although all three tended to sport beards, all three began with either very tightly cropped beards or bare chins - Antoninus, however, kept his beard short and trim throughout his reign. All three used legends at some point in which ANTONINVS appears early in the obverse legend - Antoninus througout his reign. M. Aurelius as Caesar (ie: short beard) seldom, but as Augustus, nearly always (but always with a long, pointy or even scraggly-looking "Philosopher's beard" as Augustus.) Commodus, whether early or late in his reign, very seldom, but not "never".
So, as you can see the indicators point towards Antoninus Pius (although I believed it was M. Aurelius Caesar or even Commodus from the portrait) for the obverse.
The reverse has a figure dressed in "Military garb" standing, either left or facing. presumably holding something in that upraised hand and perhaps cradling a short object in the left elbow. Figures of Virtus / Roma in military garb abound for all three - here's an example of a Virtus reverse for M. Aurelius as Caesar - http://www.stoa.org/gallery/album94/M_Aurel_Caes_Virtvs_Sest1 - Virtus is not in the same pose, but dressed similarly and holding a short(ish) object, the parazonium, in the crook of the arm (albeit, the right arm). There is also a type common to all 3 of "The Emperor in military garb standing..." but usually with easily identified attributes - Spears, Standards, Leaning on Shields, etc.
After going through RIC III page-by-page for the whole Antonine Dynasty, I did not satisfy myself that I had found "The Type" beyond question, but there were many examples for which the ambiguous bits of legend and/or types on this coin could be made to fit. More for Antoninus than for the other suspects. So, in the interest of getting something else done today, I'm going to cut my losses and say "Probably Antoninus Pius and probably Virtus/Roma on the reverse" This places us somewhere between about 140-160 AD. - but those are the same years as for M. Aurelius as Caesar, and M. Aurelius Augustus shared the purple with his son Commodus from about 175-180, but Commodus was also Caesar from 166-176 (and would have had a bare or barely bearded chin), so you can see there's a LOT of potential overlap of era here.
Basically, it's really too bad that there isn't more clear legend on the obverse and/or in addition to the S-C on the reverse.
Mark
Mass Gary's hoard coins
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1stC Roman bronzes with detail sent off for ID Sestertius of Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius, (177-192) 16.21g, 29.88 - As or Dupondius of Faustina II, wife of Marcus Aurelius, 12.85g, 27.76mm
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The larger of the two is Faustina the Elder - wife of Antoninus Pius. She did her duty as a Roman matron and popped-out a lot of Imperial larvae, then (conveniently for him, it would seem - although we have no evidence of him taking any advantage of his most-eligible-bachelor status) she died in 141 AD, only 3 years after Antoninus donned the purple. Among her daughters was Faustina the Younger, wife of Antoninus' successor, Marcus Aurelius. This coin was part of the relatively huge posthumous coinage Antoninus minted in her honor throughout his long reign (138-161). The reverse shows Juno standing left, holding a patera and resting on a scepter.
The smaller piece, an As it would appear, is Antoninus Pius - other than what I think is a pair of legs - indicating a standing character of some sort - I'm afraid I can't make sense of the reverse from the photo - if it is cleaned any further, or you can get a photo which makes whatever detail there may be seem more clearly visible, I can give you at least a guess as to what the reverse type might be.
Mark
Antoninus Pius (138-161 AD) AE As, 26mm, 10.50gm, BRITANNIA COS III; SC (in ex). Britannia seated left on rock in attitude of dejection, chin propped on right hand and left hand resting on rock; in background, shield and vexillum. RIC II 934, SR 4296, VM 119.
These are not "rare", or even really scarce, but they tend to sell for much more than comparable contemporary pieces due to the Britannia reverse. This design was struck on all of Antoninus' AE denominations and the sestertii can be quite pricey - particularly if they're in nice condition.
There is also a Britannia reverse from Hadrian's "grand tour" series, but those are rare - and very expensive.
I'll get back to you when I've had a chance to analyze the photos you attached to today's mail.
Mark Antoninus Pius (138-161 AD) AE As, 26mm, 10.50gm, BRITANNIA COS III; SC (in ex). Britannia seated left on rock in attitude of dejection, chin propped on right hand and left hand resting on rock; in background, shield and vexillum. RIC II 934, SR 4296, VM 119. These are not "rare", or even really scarce, but they tend to sell for much more than comparable contemporary pieces due to the Britannia reverse. This design was struck on all of Antoninus' AE denominations and the sestertii can be quite pricey - particularly if they're in nice condition.
There is also a Britannia reverse from Hadrian's "grand tour" series, but those are rare - and very expensive.
I'll get back to you when I've had a chance to analyze the photos you attached to today's mail.
Mark
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Interesting group, but I'm afraid what they indicate is at very least a couple centuries occupation.
I'm thankful you're asking for guesses at this point - very little here I am feeling completely confident attributing to specific folks, but the general time-frames are not in question. I will try to fill-in details over the next couple days (I'm recovering from the flu and not spending as much time at my desk as I normally do.)
The one you describe as "Celtic" is most likely Spanish - "Romano-Celitberian" as they call them - segueing into Provincial issues - and is a "DIVVS" (deified) someone from the clear bit of counter-clockwise legend around 4:00-5:00. I'm guessing Augustus but it could be Julius, Agrippa, etc. Not earlier than late 1st century BC (c. 40 BC at the earliest) and not likely to be later than 25-35 or so AD when the Spanish Provincials dried up in favor of Imperial coin.
The one with the apparently severly advanced bronze disease pits in the obverse I can tell you is a "Caesar" - as in "crown prince", "emperor in training", "heir apparent", etc. The reverse type is PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS - or some variant of the same - "Prince of Youth". I don't know, off the top of my head, which Caesar was portrayed with 4 standards and holding a scepter (that's unusual - typically it's only 1 or 2 standards, but this should work to our advantage, eventually), but I'm sure I can figure it out. It's unlikely to be earlier than Commodus (c. 160's) or later than Herrenius Etruscus (c. 250) If I read your metrics correctly, that one's an As
The one in the middle, of approximate sestertius weight with the gorgeous portrait, seems not to be Roman Imperial - at first glance, it seems to be Provincial, but since so far I can't read a single letter on obverse or reverse - I'd have to guess that one was supposed to be Caracalla, Geta, Philip II, or another of the baby-faced but bearded 3rd century folks. - Again, gussing only, c. 200-245 AD. The portrait style is just not correct for Roman Imperial of the era.
Mark
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Huge 2ndC Roman sent off for ID 28.21mm dia x 4.58 mm thick 19.14g This is a sestertius of Marcus Aurelius - 161-180 AD. I don't think I can tell you a lot more on the basis of what I can see here. The reverse shows one of literally dozens of standing female allegorical personifications or minor deities Aurelius used on his coins over the course of 2 decades as Augustus (of course, he had already had 2 decades of extensive coinage before this as Caesar under Antoninus Pius). There aren't any obvious clues as to which it might be. That, and the 2nd half of the obverse legend being missing or illegible means I can't date it more closely than to say this dates to his time as emperor, 1st part of the 2nd half of the 2nd century AD..
Mark
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Roman 2nd bronze coin 32.93mm, 21.49g
is a sestertius of Hadrian - and a very young portrait style, too - his portrait still resembles Trajan at this point and he's shown with a very long neck and bare chest - probably about 117-120 AD, but without a clue about the reverse I can't be any more specific. Mark
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1st C Roman bronze sent for ID That is indeed a sestertius - or what's left of one - and was issued posthumously in honor of Lucius Verus - co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius from 161 AD to his death in 169. He wasn't much help while he was alive, being more interested in the "percs" and pleasures of Imperium than in service like his senior partner Marcus Aurelius, who spent nearly his whole reign out on the borders fighting "barbarian" invaders. He was "family", however - the son of Hadrian's chosen heir Aelius who predeceased him (Hadrian), and was married to Marcus Aurelius' daughter Lucilla - so was accorded all the conventional honors, etc.
The "wedding cake" looking arrangement on the reverse is a huge funeral pyre. The Romans cremated their dead, mostly, and the more important a person, the more public and lavish the event. Those who had no real "name" but were rich, might arrange for extravagant funerals as well, to try to gain some fame after death, at least.
There were two "stock" posthumous reverses for emperors at this time, the "layer-cake" crematory pile and an eagle standing on a globe. This coin was issued by Marcus Aurelius right after Verus' death in 169 AD. Similar coins were issued for both Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius after their deaths - Verus' posthumous coins are a bit scarcer than either of the other two - Verus' lackluster life and career wasn't seen as deserving more than perfunctory, if Imperial, honors
Mark
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Roman bronze sent for ID - 25.23mm, 5.48g Another damaged, fragmentary and probably mineral-leached As. This one appears to be Antoninus Pius again- 138-161 AD - and the reverse has a standing figure, if you know which way to align it. I believe the standing figure of which we see the middle of the torso is Antoninus himself, togate, and sacrificing over an altar which is not quite visible to the left of the "S" from the S - C in the fields.
If it's the type I think it is, it dates to 148 AD.
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Roman copper coin with good bust outline- 4.78g,25.46mm Sent for ID The size indicates an As or a Dupondius - a Dupondius, however, like a Sestertius, would have been made of "orichalcum" - a naturally-occuring and not-necessarily consistent form of brass. The Romans did not recognize zinc as a separate metal and lacked the technology necessary to make brass from elemental copper and zinc in controlled proportions even if they had been aware of zinc. Orichalcum, like brass in general, tends to do better under wet and otherwise corrosive conditions than copper. Asses, however, were made from nearly pure copper. The weight of this specimen is way outside of the standard deviation - way too light even for the underweight local copies of Imperial Roman coins. It has obviously lost in the vicinity of half of its original weight to corrosion and/or mineral leaching.
I can't be certain whether it was originally an officially issued, or a contemporary copy of an Imperial As, but the portrait seems to be of Antoninus Pius. I doubt it could be anyone else, since his short beard can appear like a bare chin. Imperial beards came into style with Hadrian and all emperors after that time were bearded, right up through the time that copper Asses became very scarce and went out of use in the early-mid 3rd century - usually all had beards long enough not to be mistaken for a bare chin but Pius is shown with his beard very short. The shape of the head is just not right for Trajan or any of the Flavians, nor is the style right for any of the clean-shaven Julio-Claudians.
Mark
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Huge Roman bronze, just sent it off for ID 32.57mm, 14.43g It's smallish, weight-wise, for this, but the diameter is in the right range for it - I'm pretty sure it's a Sestertius of Trajan.
Or, let me put it this way - I'm sure it's Trajan (98-117 AD), but there is some room for questioning the denomination, since as a Sestertius it should weigh in the vicinity of 20+gm.
14gm is a bit on the heavy side (but not completely out of the question) for an As or Dupondius, but the diameter is really too large for either. Also, on a Dupondius the bust would have a radiate crown - this specimen has a laurel-wreath. Asses tend to be a bit lighter than Dupondii, hence it's even less likely to be an As, but it "works" best as a lightweight Sestertius.
Mark
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Roman 1st C bronze sent off for ID 21.64g, 33.15mm From the size and weight, it's a sestertius. From the outline and what I think I make of the letter-seriphs, it's Antoninus Pius. I can't really say much more about it with no reverse visible and none of the obverse legend clearly readable.
Mark
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Large 1st C Roman bronze 14.70g, 31.62mm sent for ID This appears to be a Sestertius of Faustina II - wife of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD) She died in 175 and most of her coins are either posthumous or were issued while M. Aurelius was still Caesar under Antoninus Pius (139-161) so the dating can only be general with no reverse type to guide us and not enough obverse legend to tell if it's a life time or posthumous issue. There isn't much else I can say in the condition this one is in.
Mark
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2ndC Roman bronze sent for ID 29.98mm, 13.8g This is a "DE GERMANIS" sestertius of one of the Aurelian emperors - I know these were struck for Commodus, very probably for Marcus Aurelius and maybe even for Lucius Verus - although the victory over the Germans of which this speaks may well have been after Verus' demise. |
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1st/2nd C Roman bronze sent for ID ,20.45g, 32.29mm This one can only be a sestertius - the big brass quarter-piece of the silver denarius - and most likely from the 2nd century AD. There isn't much more I can tell you, however, with no readable legends (readable by me, at least - are there any fairly clear letters around 1:00-2:00 on the obverse? It looks like there might be something there, but I can't be sure from your picture, even when I enhance the contrast.)
Working strictly from the silhouette, which appears to show a bun on the back of the head, it would seem likely to be one of the later Antonine wives - who mostly were portrayed with that sort of hairstyle - Faustina II, wife of Marcus Aurelius, Lucilla, wife of Lucius Verus, or Crispina, wife of Commodus - if it's one of these three, it dates to the 2nd half of the 2nd century. If, however, that's not a bun, just a raised area of corrosion, and if I had to guess at a male silhouette, I'd say either Trajan or Antoninus Pius, putting it in the 1st half of the 2nd century.
I'm afraid there's not enough detail on the reverse for me to hazard a guess at the reverse type - the 2nd century was famous for the huge variety of its reverse types - even if I were sure of the ruler, there could be dozens - in some cases, hundreds - of possible reverses.
Mark
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1st/2ndC Roman bronze 147 AD Now, I'm guessing at the size and weight based on your fingers in the picture - some metrology might be helpful - this is approximately 27-30mm diameter - or the coin originally was that size before all the edge-chipping occurred. We have a bit of legend at 10:30 obverse, - unfortunately it's a rather less than revelatory 'AVG', but knowing that AVG appears in the obverse legend at or near the mid-point might be very important in the deductive process. Next, we have the standing deity or personification on the reverse, but more importantly, we have the fairly unusual occurrence of a legend written horizontally across the fields.
From the portrait, My first guess was Hadrian, but I found no across-the-field reverse legends for him which fit with the relatively few of his obverse legends having AVG in the middle.
Antoninus Pius, however, has a sestertius with obverse legend ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P and PAX - AVG (a plausible reading of your coin's field-legend) across the reverse field - COS III S - C - Pax standing left, setting fire to a heap of arms and holding a cornucopia. Unfortunate there is so little design left to show the heap of arms, this is a rather ambitious coin-reverse. Your coin seems a bit skimpy for a sestertius, and without measurements, was initially tempted to say it's an As - however, no As with this type is known for Antoninus. Of course, I suppose that a coin that started out on the smaller side and then was mumbled about in the field by plows, etc, resulting in several visible generations of edge chipping could easily be reduced to this size.
So, my best guess is Antoninus Pius, Mint of Rome, 147 A.D. Brass sestertius. PAX AVG COS IIII SC - RIC III 777, SR 4201.
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1st/2ndC Roman bronze sent for ID So, my best guess is Antoninus Pius, Mint of Rome, 147 A.D. Brass sestertius. PAX AVG COS IIII SC - RIC III 777, SR 4201. |
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Huge 1stC Roman bronze "c. 150-160 A.D." 15.28g, 30.10mm x 4.25mm thick As you
say, there's little other than the main types for us to go on here,
but my best guess is that it's Faustina I or Sr. (depends on who you
read whether she's numbered or given seniority) |
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Commodus 184 A.D 'is
an As of Commodus. This son of Marcus Aurelius was a fairly crazy
bad guy who should never have been emperor, but wasn't probably
quite the craven wacko that Joaquin Phoenix portrayed him as in
the colorful but wildly historically inaccurate "Gladiator"
- for one thing, he certainly didn't kill his father to become emperor
- he had been co-emperor since 177 A.D. - 3 years before Aurelius'
demiseCommodus did, in fact, appear in the arena in his later life
- slaughtering wild beasts - and apparently thought he was Hercules
re-incarnate.The obverse reads (or should) : M COMMODVS ANTON AVG
PIVS. Laureate head right. - 23.64mm
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Another huge thick 1stC Roman in amazing shape - sent to Mark for ID 19.24g, 30.75mm dia 4.22mm thick Commodus is one of those "Royal Brats", who, like Caracalla, had a progression of realistic portraiture on his coinage - everything from a baby-book portrait to a brutally frank, "mature" image of a madman, just before his death at the ripe old age of 29. Caracalla looks every bit the cruel, brother-murdering, dissipate despot in his final coin portraits. Commodus' portrait-artists were a little kinder towards the end of his rule, but only slightly - this, however, isn't really the point today - just cited to let you know that on some Roman coins, not only are the portraits so realistic as to have you recognizing Hadrian's or Septimius Severus' look-alikes on the street today, but some of the longer-lived emperors who began their careers as child-Caesars can nearly be dated at a glance from the progression of the portrait - not unlike recognizing cars' model-years in the 1950's by the cut of this year's tailfin... Oh dear, I'm showing my age - and beginning to wander ( ;<{D}. At any
rate, and returning to the coin at hand, so to speak, this is Commodus
at the age of 22 or 23, in 183-4 A.D.. He was born in 161 A.D. the same
year his father - Marcus Aurelius - succeeded Antoninus Pius after a
very long term as Caesar himself. Commodus' first, baby-faced coin-portraits
appear when he is only 12. Sestertius,
Mint of Rome, 183-184 A.D. |
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