richardtohenry

King John 1199-1216
The king who signed the Magna Carta in 1215, John was the son of Henry II. On his father's death in 1189 his brother, Richard, became king. John received titles, lands and money, but this was not enough. In October 1190 Richard recognized his nephew, Arthur, as his heir. Three years later, when Richard was imprisoned in Germany, John tried to seize control. He was unsuccessful and, when Richard returned in early 1194, was banished. The two were soon reconciled and, when Arthur was captured by Philip II in 1196, Richard named John heir. Three years later Richard was dead and John was king. War with France was renewed, triggered by John's second marriage. While asked to mediate between the rival families of Lusignan and Angoulême, he married the Angoulême heiress Isabella, who had been betrothed to Hugh de Lusignan. The Lusignans were not amused. A rebellion broke out and John was ordered to appear before his overlord in France, Philip II. He never showed up; war followed. By 1206, he had lost Normandy, Anjou, Maine and parts of Poitou. These failures were a damaging blow to John's prestige and he was determined to win them back. This required money. His government became increasingly ruthless and efficient in its financial administration. Taxes soared and he began to exploit his feudal rights ever more harshly. This heavy taxation bred increasing baronial discontent. An unsuccessful plot to remove him made matters worse. Negotiations between John and his barons failed and civil war broke out in May 1215. When the rebels seized London, John was compelled to negotiate further and, on 19th June at Runnymede, he accepted the baronial terms embodied in the Magna Carta, which ensured feudal rights and restated English law. This settlement was soon rendered impractical by the more stubborn barons and John's appeal to Pope Innocent. Innocent took his side and in the ensuing civil war John laid waste to the northern counties and the Scottish border. But he then had to face Prince Louis of France, who invaded at the barons' request. John continued to wage war vigorously but died, leaving the issues undecided. His death enabled a compromise peace that restored the rebels and the succession of his son Henry III

King John 1199 - 1216 hammered silver penny Class 6a2 Moneyer ABEL LVNDE - London mint		King John 1205 AD hammered silver penny Moneyer Beneit of London, class 5b

1208/9 King John hammered silver shortcross penny - Class 6b2 Obv HENRICVS REX Rev RAVF ON LVNDE - Randvlf the moneyer - London mint 1.31g,18.16mm		1199 AD King John hammered silver shortcross cut half Class 5b

King John 1199AD voided longcross hammered silver cut half penny 0.45g, 17.82mm		1199AD King John short cross hammered silver penny

1199AD King John short cross hammered silver penny- face side is mint Coin after straightening

1199 AD King John hammered silver half penny		1204/5 AD King John hammered silver short cross Class 5 - 1.07g, 19.15mm

1204/5 AD King John hammered silver short cross penny		1199 King John hammered silver half penny

King John 1199 - 1216 hammered silver short cross penny Class 6c3 LVNDE - London mint obv HENRICVS REX rev ABEL ON LUNDE Moneyer Abel of London		1199 King John voided short cross class 5c Moneyer Willelem London

King John short cross penny 1199-1216 ad Stivene on Lund		King John 1205 AD hammered silver penny

King John 1199 AD hammered silver penny		King John 1199 - 1216 hammered silver short cross half penny - Moneyer Iohan - Canterbury mint Class 5b

1208/9 King John hammered silver penny Class 6a2 Obv HENRICVS REX Rev +WALTE(R ON LV- Walter London 1.43g, 18.64mm		1199 King John hammered silver voided short cross cut half penny - nasty split so I cannot clean Obv. Rev Moneyer ABE(L ON LVND - Abel , London mint Class 5c
1154-1189 AD Henry II
Henry II suffered from quarrels with Thomas Becket and his own family. Henry succeeded Stephen after invading England in 1153 to promote his claim after Stephen elbowed Henry's mother, Matilda, from the throne. As king, Henry ruled lands from Scotland to the Pyrenees. He extended these further through conquest, diplomacy and dynastic marriages; by 1170 he owned Western France, ruled parts of Ireland and had influence in Germany, Sicily and Castile. At home, his first task was to crush the unruly elements and restore firm government. Using his talented chancellor Becket, Henry wasted little time restoring order to the judicial system. The Assize of Clarendon (1166) established procedures of criminal justice, establishing courts and prisons for those awaiting trial. In addition, the assizes gave fast and clear verdicts, enriched the treasury and extended the King's control. Yet reforms provoked problems. In 1164 Henry reasserted his ancestral rights over the church. Now Archbishop of Canterbury, Becket refused to comply. An attempted reconciliation failed and, on returning from exile, Becket punished priests who had co-operated with Henry. The king, upon hearing the news, reportedly cursed, "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?" Four knights took his words literally and murdered Becket in Canterbury Cathedral in December 1170. Almost overnight the martyred Thomas became a saint. Henry reconciled himself with the church, but royal control over the church changed little. Finally Henry did penance at Canterbury and, with Becket out of the way, most of the disputed points were soon sorted out. Henry's four sons - Henry, Geoffrey, Richard and John - mistrusted each other and resented his policy of dividing land among them. In 1173 a rebellion erupted in England and Normandy over alleged favouritism, with further family disputes arising in 1181 and 1184. The King's attempt to find an inheritance for John led to opposition from both Richard and Philip II of France. Henry was defeated and forced to give way; news that John also had joined his enemies hastened the King's death near Tours in 1189.

1180-89 Henry II class1 hammered silver penny		1158 -1180 Henry II 'Tealby' hammered silver half penny )

1180-89 Henry II class1 hammered silver penny		1180-89 Henry II class1 hammered silver penny

1180-89 Henry II class1 hammered silver penny		1180 -1199 Henry II hammered silver half penny

1180 -1199 Henry II hammered silver half penny	1180 -1199 Henry II hammered silver half penny	1180 -1199 Henry II hammered silver half penny

Possible Henry II 1180 AD Early Medieval hammered silver half penny		1180-89 Henry II class1 hammered silver penny 1.30g,19.50mm obv HENRICUS REX

1180 -1189 Henry II hammered silver 1/4 penny - Class 1b-1c Rev HENRICVS REX Rev *AVI ON - Moneyer Davi London			Henry II cut short-cross penny 1180 -1189 Henry Canterbury mint

1158- 1180 Henry II hammered silver penny - Cross and crosslets 'Tealby' coinage		1180-1189 Henry II voided shorcross coinage hammered silver half penny - Class 1a 17.61mm, 0.63g Rev *** ON CAN - Canterbury mint
Richard I (1189-1199 ) shortcross coinage
Richard the Lion-Heart was famous for his exploits in the Third Crusade (1189-92), during his ten-year reign he spent only some six months in England. The third son of Henry II, Richard possessed considerable political and military ability. However, like his brothers, he cared nothing for his family, joining them in the great rebellion against their father in 1173. In 1183 his brother Henry died, leaving Richard heir to the throne. With other lands in Normandy and Anjou, Henry II wanted him to give Aquitaine to his youngest brother, John. Richard refused and, in 1189, joined forces with Philip II of France against his father, hounding him to a premature death in July 1189. As king, Richard wanted only to lead the crusade prompted by Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187. In 1190 he departed for the Holy Land. Richard arrived in June 1191 and the city fell the following month. In September his victory at Arsuf gave the crusaders possession of Joppa. Although he came close, Jerusalem, the crusade's main objective, eluded him. Moreover, fierce quarrels among the French, German and English contingents provided further troubles. After a year's stalemate, Richard made a truce with Saladin and started his journey home. Sailing home, bad weather drove him ashore near Venice. He was captured and imprisoned by Duke Leopold before being handed over to the German emperor Henry VI, who ransomed him for the huge sum of 150,000 marks. The raising of the ransom was a remarkable achievement. Richard was released in February 1194. He returned to England and was crowned for a second time. A month later he went to Normandy and his last five years were spent in warfare against Philip II. While besieging the castle of Châlus he was killed in 1199.

1189 - 1199 Richard 1st Hammered silver penny Class 4B Rev IOAN ON CANTE - Monyer IOAN - Canterbury Mint 1.16g, 18.10		1189 -1199 Richard 1st voided short crioss hammered silver penny - Class 5b Rev IOHAN .ON. LE(NE( - Moneyer Iohan , Kings Lynn Mint 2.05g, 18.77mm

1190 AD Richard 1st hammered silver penny Class 3 Moneyer GOLDWINE LONDON		1189 AD Richard 1st short cross hammered silver cut halfpenny Class 4a 0.78g.19.23mm Moneyer NICOLE of YORK

1190 AD Richard 1st hammered silver penny		1190 AD Richard 1st hammered silver penny

Cut halfpenny	Cut halfpenny	1190 AD Richard 1st hammered silver penny

Henry VII 1487-8 full Groat Class IIIc with two half pennies of Henry III 1180 AD & Richard 1st 1189 AD

1189-1199 Richard 1st hammered silver half penny - Class 4a Obv HENRICVS REX Moneyer ALE(IN - Alein - Durham mint		1194 Richard 1st hammered silver half penny Class 4a WILLELM - Winchester mint ***NC(E(
Henry III 1216-1272 AD
Henry was nine when his father died. A series of regencies ruled in his place until 1234, when Henry took over. His problems began in 1237, when his barons objected to the influence of Henry's Savoyard relatives. The marriage arranged in 1238 between his sister and Simon de Montfort only made matters worse.In 1242 Henry's half brothers involved him in an expensively disastrous military venture in France. This prompted Parliament to demand new blood on the council to act as 'conservators of liberties' and oversee royal finances. But the king was able to exploit the differences between his opponents and little happened. Finally, in 1258 a bungled deal with the Papacy threatened Henry with excommunication. This, together with defeats in Wales and local crises, brought about the main crisis of his reign. The Provisions of Oxford (1258) created a 15-member Privy Council, selected by the barons, to advise the King and oversee the entire administration. Parliament was to be held three times a year and the households of the king and queen were also to be reformed. The settlement began to break down in 1260 as divisions erupted between the Earl of Gloucester and the ambitious Simon de Montfort. Civil war was inevitable. In May 1264 Simon de Montfort won a resounding victory at Lewes and set up a new government. In May 1265 Prince Edward escaped captivity and rallied the royalist forces, defeating and killing de Montfort at Evesham before taking control of government from his weakened father. The rest of the reign was spent resolving the problems created by the rebellion. Henry deprived de Montfort's supporters of their lands, but the 'Disinherited' fought back until terms were agreed in 1266 for former rebels to buy back their lands. By 1270 the country was sufficiently settled for Edward to be able to set off on crusade, from which he did not return until two years after his father's death, in 1272.

Amazing Double stuck 1247 Henry III voided longcross - two legends rotated 90 degrees		1247 -1272 Henry III hammered silver voided long cross penny - Class Vb WIL/L(M/ONC(/ANT Canterbury mint - Moneyer WIL/LEM

1247 Henry III hammered silver voided long cross penny Class Vb(5b) obv HENRICUS REX 1.22g,19.33mm		Hammered silver penny, Thomas of Northampton, Class 3b

1247 Henry III voided longcross hammered silver penny Class V5 1,33g,18.11mm		1216 AD Henry III short cross hammered silver penny

1216 AD Henry III shortcross hammered silver penny 0.64g, 17.21mm		1216 AD Henry III shortcross hammered silver - fractured

1248 Henry III voided longcross hammered silver 1/2 pence. David of London, class 3-5 (1248 - 72)		Hammered silver half pence

1248 Henry III voided longcross hammered silver 1/4 penny		1216 Henry III voided long cross hammered silver penny

1216 Henry III voided long cross hammered silver penny1.3g, 19mm		1216 AD Henry III voided long cross half penny and a 1500's Elizabeth 1st one pence

Henry III 1180 hammered silver half penny		1216AD Henry III cut half hammered silver penny

1215 AD Henry III voided long cross hammered silver penny		1247AD Henry III voided hammered cut half silver penny

Crispy 1216-72 Henry III hammered silver voided long cross penny		1216 Henry III hammered silver voided long cross penny

Hammered silver penny		1247AD Henry III hammered silver voided long cross half penny

AD 1245 Henry III hammered silver cut half penny		1247 AD Henry III hammered silver voided longcross with sceptre type Class 5d, London mint

1247 AD Henry III voided long cross hammered silver cut qtr penny 0.34g, 9.23mm		1216 Henry III hammered silver shortcross penny fragment

1247 Henry III voided long cross hammered silver halfpenny		1217-8 AD Henry III hammered silver short cross half penny Class 7b Square topped A obv HENRICVS REX Moneyer Norman - Bury mint

1247 AD Henry III hammered silver voided long cross half penny Class 1a obv HENRICVS REX rev RIC ARD ONC ANT Moneyer Richard		1217-8 AD Henry III hammered silver short cross half penny Class 6c3 obv HENRICVS REX

1217-8 AD Henry III hammered silver short cross penny		1247 Henry III hammered silver voided long cross half penny

1247 Henry III voided long cross hammered silver half penny Moneyer Nicole obv NIC(/OLE(/ONC(/ANT		1217- 8 Henry III hammerd silver short cross penny - Class 7b Obv HENRICVS REX Rev ILGE(B ON LVN Moneyer - Ilger 18.29mm, 1.31g

1242-1247 Henry III voided short cross hammered silver penny - rare Class 8b with curule - shaped X in Rex - pellets between moneyers name and mint Rev LVND - London mint		1242-1247 Henry III voided short cross hammered silver half penny - rare Class 8b3 - X in REX is cross pommee Moneyer - Simon of Cantebury

1247 Henry III voided long cross hammered silver farthing 1/4 penny		1216- 47 Henry III hammered silver short cross penny Class 8b3 - cross pommee Obv HENRICVS REX Rev + NIC(bOLE( ON. LVND - London mint - Moneyer Nicole 1.31g, 18.56mm

1247 Henry III voided long cross hammered silver penny		1247 Henry III hammered silver voided cut half penny

1217- 8 Henry III hammered silver voided shortcross half penny		1215 Henry III hammered silver voided shortcross half penny
Richard II 1377-1399
Edward III's son, the Black Prince, died in 1376. The king's grandson, Richard II, succeeded to the throne aged 10, on Edward's death. In 1381 the Peasants' Revolt broke out and Richard, aged 14, bravely rode out to meet the rebels at Smithfield, London. Wat Tyler, the principal leader of the peasants, was killed and the uprisings in the rest of the country were crushed over the next few weeks (Richard was later forced by his Council's advice to rescind the pardons he had given). Highly cultured, Richard was one of the greatest royal patrons of the arts; patron of Chaucer, it was Richard who ordered the technically innovative transformation of the Norman Westminster Hall to what it is today. (Built between 1097 and 1099 by William II, the Hall was the ceremonial and administrative centre of the kingdom; it also housed the Courts of Justice until 1882.) Richard's authoritarian approach upset vested interests, and his increasing dependence on favourites provoked resentment. In 1388 the 'Merciless Parliament', led by a group of lords hostile to Richard (headed by the King's uncle, Gloucester), sentenced many of the king's favourites to death and forced Richard to renew his coronation oath. The death of his first queen, Anne of Bohemia, in 1394 further isolated Richard, and his subsequent arbitrary behaviour alienated people further. Richard took his revenge in 1397, arresting or banishing many of his opponents; his cousin, Henry of Bolingbroke, was also subsequently banished. On the death of Henry's father, John of Gaunt (a younger son of Edward III), Richard confiscated the vast properties of his Duchy of Lancaster (which amounted to a state within a state) and divided them among his supporters. Richard pursued policies of peace with France (his second wife was Isabella of Valois); Richard still called himself king of France and refused to give up Calais, but his reign was concurrent with a 28 year truce in the Hundred Years War. His expeditions to Ireland failed to reconcile the Anglo-Irish lords with the Gaels. In 1399, whilst Richard was in Ireland, Henry of Bolingbroke returned to claim his father's inheritance. Supported by some of the leading baronial families (including Richard's former Archbishop of Canterbury), Henry captured and deposed Richard. Bolingbroke was crowned King as Henry IV. Risings in support of Richard led to his murder in Pontefract Castle; Henry V subsequently had his body buried in Westminster Abbey.

1377-99 Richard II hammered silver penny Type 1 - 17.89mm, 0.84g Obv RICARDUS REX ANGLIE - mint legend worn		1377 -1399 Richard II hammered silver halfpenny - Type 1j obv RICHARD:REX:ANGL Rev CIVITAS LON/DON - London mint 0.46g, 13.90mm

1377 -1399 Richard II hammered silver halfpenny Type 5 Small face, wide crown Obv +RICARDxREX:ANGL Rev CIVI/TAS/LONDON - London mint 0.46g, 13.67mm		1377 -1399 Richard II hammerd silver penny Class 1 III Obv *S REX: (RICHARD VS REX: ANGLIE) Rev CIVI/TAS/DVN/* Durham nint