Edward

Edward 1st (1272 - 1307) to Edward II
While best known for his campaigns to subdue Wales and Scotland, Edward I's work with English common law earned him the name of the 'English Justinian'. The eldest son of King Henry III, as a young man he was defeated in Wales by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Gwynedd (now in North Wales). During the civil war between his father and the barons, he was held captive by Simon de Montfort, the rebel leader, before escaping to take control of the royalist forces, whereupon he defeated and killed Montfort. Edward learned of his father's death in November 1272, while returning from a crusade. Once king, he returned to complete his unfinished business in Wales. He invaded in 1277, defeated Gruffudd and built a ring of castles around Gwynedd to enforce his authority. When his rule provoked rebellion, he invaded again. After killing Gruffudd, he reorganised Wales along English lines; the principality would remain calm for over a century. In Scotland, however, Edward was less successful. Although he was paid homage and put John de Balliol on the throne in 1292, his authoritarian approach eventually provoked the Scottish nobles to force Balliol to ally with France in 1295. Edward invaded and conquered Scotland the next year, but faced revolts led by William Wallace until 1303. At home, Edward was responsible for making Parliaments an integral part of English politics. He understood their value in strengthening royal authority and used them to promote a variety of legal and administrative reforms. The Statute of Mortmain (1279) gave the crown control of any church land acquisitions and the Statute of Winchester (1285) codified and strengthened the system for preserving public order. However, the strain and cost of war brought conflict between Edward and his barons. They forced through laws forbidding arbitrary taxation, forcing Edward to abandon the campaign and eventually to make peace with France. Edward renewed the conquest of Scotland in 1303, captured Stirling in 1304, and executed Wallace as a traitor in 1305. But just when Scotland seemed sorted, Robert I ('the Bruce') rebelled again and was crowned in 1306. On his way to reconquer Scotland, Edward died near Carlisle.
Farthing 1/4 Penny

Hammered silver farthing(r)		Hammered silver farthing(r) (r)

Comparison of an Edward farthing to an Edward groat		Cut 1/4 penny (farthing)

1279 AD Edward 1st hammered silver farthing 13.37mm - 0.33g possibly type 7		1279 AD Edward 1st hammered silver farthing Type 28 - new issue inner circles both sides 0.32g, 11.15mm rev CIVITAS LONDON - London mint

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver sterling farthing type 28 0.27g, 11.51mm Obv EDWARDVS REX Rev CIVITAS LONDON - London mint		1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny - Class 9b York Archiepiscopal coinage Obv EDWARD **** Rev CIVI/TAS/EBOR/ACI - York Mint

Edward Ist hammered silver penny - Class10ab - first Newcastle mint ever found here , great find Obv EDWAR ** ANGL DNS HYB Rev VILL/NOV/CAS/TRI - Newcastle mint 15.63mm, 0.67g		1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny - CIVITAS type - mint letters missing
Half penny

Hammered silver half penny		Medieval hammered silver halfpenny
Penny

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny class 9c Obv EDWR ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVITAS CAN/TOR - Canterbury mint		1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny 9b obv EDWR R ANGL DNS HYB Rev VILLA/BRI/STO/LIE - Bristol mint

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny Class 9a mintmark Cross Moline Obv EDWR ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVITAS DVR/ENE - Durham mint		1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny Class 10cf3 mintmark Cross Moline Obv EDWAR ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVITAS DVR/EME - Durham mint

1272 AD Edward 1st hammered silver penny class 3c Obv EDW R ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVITAS LONDON - London mint		1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny Class 10ab 1.31g, 18.09mm EDW R R ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVITAS LONDON - London mint

Edward 1st 1272 Class 1d Obv EDWAR ANGL R DNS HYB Rev CIVI/ TAS/ LON/ DON Pellet on neck 1.30g,16.92mm		1272 AD Edward 1st hammered silver penny 1.10g - 17.83 mm

1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny. Very early example with moneyers name on reverse instead of mint 17.82mm 0.96g obv EDWR ANGL DNS HYB Rev ROBE/RTDE/HADE/LEIE Bury St Edmunds mint bears the name of the moneyer Robert de Hadelie		1279 AD Stunning condition Edward 1st hammered silver penny - class 6 obv EDWR ANGL DNS HYB rev CIVI TAS LONDON - London mint, 1.47g, 18.05 mm

1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny London mint class 10		Edward 1st hammered silver penny- class 7a Canterbury mint

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny Class 10ab Obv EDWARD R ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVITAS LONDON (London mint) 1.34g, 19.07mm		13thC Continental imitation of an Edward hammered silver penny

1272AD Edward 1st hammered silver penny 1.05g, 18.08mm		Edward 1st hammered hammered silver penny (y)

Edward 1st hammered silver penny 1272 AD 17.10mm		1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny 1.20g, 17.79mm

Longcross hammered silver penny	Longcross hammered silver penny	Longcross hammered silver penny(m)

Longcross hammered silver penny	Longcross hammered silver penny	Longcross hammered silver penny

Longcross hammered silver penny		Longcross hammered silver penny(y)

Longcross hammered silver penny	Longcross hammered silver penny	Longcross hammered silver penny

Longcross hammered silver penny		Longcross hammered silver penny

Crispy Post 1272 AD Edward 1st to III hammered silver penny		1279 AD Edward 1st hammered silver penny

1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny		Medieval hammered silver penny

1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny		1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny

1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny Class 9 star on breast, London mint		1279 AD Edward 1st hammered silver penny

1272 AD Edward 1st hammered silver penny		1272 AD Edward 1st hammered silver penny

1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny		1272 Edward 1st hammered silver penny - Bury mint EDWAR ANGL DNS ***

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny		1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny - class 10cf3 obv ERWAR ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVI/TAS LOND/DON - London mint

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny Obv EDWAR ANGL *** Rev CIVITAS LON/DON - London mint		1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny - Bristol mint

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny		1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny - CIVITAS type
Half Groat (2 pence)

Hammered silver half groat		Hammered silver half groat(c)

Hammered silver half groat	Hammered silver half groat(b)

Longcross Medieval hammered silver half groat in rough shape		Medieval hammered silver half groat - London Mint

1279 Edward 1st hammered silver penny - type 3d inital mark cross potent Rev aBR/ISTO/LLIE - Bristol mint
Groat (4 pence)

Hammered silver groat

Hammered silver groat		Medieval hammered silver half groat - Canterbury mint
Edward II 1307-1327

Edward II had few of the qualities that made a successful medieval king. Edward surrounded himself with favourites (the best known being a Gascon, Piers Gaveston), and the barons, feeling excluded from power, rebelled. Throughout his reign, different baronial groups struggled to gain power and control the King. The nobles' ordinances of 1311, which attempted to limit royal control of finance and appointments, were counteracted by Edward. Large debts (many inherited) and the Scots' victory at Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce in 1314 made Edward more unpopular. Edward's victory in a civil war (1321-2) and such measures as the 1326 ordinance (a protectionist measure which set up compulsory markets or staples in 14 English, Welsh and Irish towns for the wool trade) did not lead to any compromise between the King and the nobles. Finally, in 1326, Edward's wife, Isabella of France, led an invasion against her husband. In 1327 Edward was made to renounce the throne in favour of his son Edward (the first time that an anointed king of England had been dethroned since Ethelred in 1013). Edward II was later murdered at Berkeley Castle.

1307 Edward II hammered silver penny class 11C London mint		1307 Edward II hammered silver groat EDWARDVS DI GRA REX ANGLE CIVIAS LONDON 2.17g, 22.72mm
1307 Edward II hammered silver penny class 15c - 1.35g,18.35mm Obv EDWAR R ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVI TAS TOR CAN - reverse error, should read CIVITAS CAN TOR - Canterbury mint

1307 Edward II hammered silver penny Class 11a broken pearl by left of crown type obv EDWAR ANGL DNS HYB rev CIVITAS CANTOR- Canterbury mint		1307- 1327 Edward II hammered silver penny class 11b Obv EDWAR R ANGL DNS HYB Rev CIVITAS CANTOR - Canterbury mint Letter C has distinctive angular back

1308-27 Edward II hammered silver penny Durham Episcopal coin Bishop Beaumont - Mintmark Lion and Lis		AD 1310 Edward II hammered silver farthing (1/4 penny) New issue with inner circles Type 28g Rev +EDWARDVS REX AN' Rev CIVI/TAS/LOND/DON 0.31g, 11.26mm

1310-14 Edward II hammered silver farthing - New issue with inner circles both sides - Type 30 (Note: often struck on oval flans) Rev +EDWARDVS REX. Rev CIVI/TAS/LOND/DON 0.28g, 10.71mm