hammered

Houses of Lancaster and York, 1377-1485 Richard II 1377-1399 (grandson of Edward III, son of the Black Prince) Henry IV 1399-1413 (grandson of Edward III, son of John of Gaunt) Henry V 1413-1422 (son of Henry IV) Henry VI 1422-1461 (son of Henry V) Edward IV 1461-1483 (great grandson of Edmund of York, Edward III's youngest son) Richard III 1483-1485 (uncle of Edward V)
Richard II 1377-1399
Richard succeeded to the throne in June 1377. He had not yet come of age and England was ruled mainly by his uncle, John of Gaunt. Gaunt's misrule caused economic crises brought on by the Black Death and war with France. The resulting Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was the first crisis of Richard's reign. He handled it well, placating the rebels with false promises. His request for money to fight France prompted Parliament to demand the dismissal of his favourites. Richard's refusal provoked Parliament into impeaching his chancellor, the Earl of Suffolk, and creating a commission to oversee the king's activities. When Richard declared these measures treasonable, Parliament and his opponents retaliated in 1388 by outlawing his closest friends, some of whom were executed. Richard appeared defeated: he submitted to the demands of the five 'Lords Appellant'. But in May 1389 he defied them, announcing his intention to rule independently. Gaunt's return from Spain in late 1389 stabilized matters. For eight years Richard worked in apparent harmony with Gaunt and the Lords Appellant. Yet he was waiting for revenge. He gradually formed a second, stronger royalist party. In 1397 he arrested and tried three of the Appellants. Arundel was convicted of treason and executed, Warwick was banished and Gloucester imprisoned and murdered. Richard was granted revenues for life and the powers of Parliament were delegated to a committee. He also built up a power base in Cheshire. In September 1398 a quarrel between two former Appellants, Gaunt's son Henry Bolingbroke and Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, gave the king an opportunity to banish them both. When Gaunt died in February 1399, Richard confiscated the vast Lancastrian estates, which would have passed to Bolingbroke. In May he foolishly left for Ireland. Bolingbroke invaded England and rallied both the noble and popular support. Returning to England in August, Richard surrendered without a fight. In September he abdicated and Bolingbroke ascended the throne as King Henry IV. In October Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract Castle and died four months later.

Richard II 1377 AD Longcross silver penny		Richard II 1377 hammered silver half groat

First of this King's groats ever found here- rare find - he was known as the Black Prince 1377 AD Richard II hammered silver groat ( 4 pence) Type 1 (Straight sided) Ob RICHARD DEI* GRA*REX ANGL Z FRANC DNS HIB Z AQT Rev Outer POSVI DEVM ADIVTORUM MEVM Inner CIVITAS LONDON - London mint
Henry IV 1399-1413
In 1386 Henry joined a group of opposition leaders - the Lords Appellants - who outlawed Richard's closest associates and forced the King to accept their counsel. In 1398 Richard took revenge, banishing Henry after a court struggle. The following year, John of Gaunt died. Richard seized the family estates, depriving Henry of his inheritance and prompting him to invade England. Richard surrendered in August and Henry was crowned the following month. His first task was to consolidate his position. Most rebellions were quashed easily but the revolt of Owen Glendower was more serious. Glendower aimed to install the Earl of March, Richard II's legitimate heir, as king. He captured Edmund Mortimer, March's uncle, and persuaded him to join them. Glendower then allied himself with Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and his son Henry, called Hotspur. Hotspur's brief uprising, Henry's most serious challenge, ended when the King's forces killed him in battle near Shrewsbury in July 1403. Northumberland's rebellion in 1408 was quickly suppressed and was the last armed challenge to Henry's authority. However, he also had to fight off Scottish border raids and conflict with the French. To finance these activities, Henry was forced to rely on parliamentary grants. From 1401 to 1406 Parliament repeatedly accused him of fiscal mismanagement and gradually acquired new powers over royal expenditures and appointments. As Henry's health deteriorated, a power struggle developed between his favourite, Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, and a faction headed by Henry's half brothers and Prince Henry. From 1408 to 1411 the government was dominated first by Archbishop Arundel and then the Henry. Argument raged over the best strategy to adopt in France, where civil war was raging; Henry wanted to resume war in France, but the king favoured peace. In 1411 the king recovered and the Prince of Wales was dismissed from the council. Uneasy relations between the prince and his father lasted until Henry IV's death in 1413.

Rare Henry IV 1399 AD hammered silver penny		1399 - 1413 Henry IV hammered silver penny - Rare double struck crown Quatrefoil with pellet on reverse Rev CIVI/TAS/EBO/RACI - York mint 0.89g, 16.83mm

Very rare Henry IV 1399 - 1412 Heavy coinage Type F London mint hammered silver half groat

Henry hammered silver halfpenny 0.40g, 12.78mm London mint, Initial mark cross and extra pellets to two qtrs as Henry IV's 2nd reign 1470 but legend does not match - needs more research		Possible Henry IV hammered silver penny - annulet by crown type, Lis on neck

1399 - 1413 Henry IV hammered silver penny
Henry V 1413-1422
The victor of the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415, Henry V made England one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe. Henry succeeded his father as king in March 1413. Although he had to deal with conspiracies to put Edmund Mortimer, the Earl of March, on the throne, these were rarely a serious threat and did not distract him from his main objective: France. As well as demanding lands the French had surrendered in 1360, he claimed Normandy, Touraine and Maine, as well as areas never before held by England. Hard and domineering, Henry could be ruthless and cruel. Yet he was admired - even by some French writers - as brave and honourable, with a commanding personality. At home, he governed well: law and order were dealt with by reviving the use of the King's Bench as a travelling court and both central and local administration operated smoothly. Yet he was best when planning and executing his wars against France. Diplomacy ensured English command of the channel and, at home, he began both large-scale borrowing and parliamentary taxation to finance his ambitions. His success in raising the money reflected the enthusiasm he raised for the war. His main objective was to take the towns and fortresses of northern France and make them permanent English garrisons, exploiting the surrounding countryside to make the war pay its own way. Henry invaded France in 1415 with a small army, winning a decisive victory at Agincourt while en route to Calais. Between 1417 and 1419 Henry followed up this success with the conquest of Normandy. Rouen surrendered in January 1419 and his successes forced the French to agree to the Treaty of Troyes in May 1420. Henry was recognised as heir to the French throne and regent of France. The following month he married Catherine, the daughter of Charles VI of France. However, Charles VI's son continued the war. In 1422 Henry contracted dysentery and died at the siege of Meaux in August, leaving only his baby son as heir.

1413 - 1422 Henry V hammered silver half groat - pierced cross initial mark - Type C (a) Initial cross with pellet at centre, broken annulet to left of crown 1.69g, 22.32mm Obv +HENRICxDIxGRA'xREX Rev CIVI/TAS/LON/DON - London mint

1413-22 Henry V hammered silver halfpenny - Type 10 - inital mark roundabout - Annulet to left:trefoil right by hair Obv +HENRIC REX ANGL Rev CIVI/TAS/LON/DON - London mint 12.83mm, 045g		1413 AD Henry V hammered silver penny 0.91g - 16.11 mm

Henry V 1413 AD hammered silver penny, York mint with mullet to left and lis to right of crown(y)		Henry V 1413 AD hammered silver penny

Henry V 1413 AD hammered silver penny		Henry V 1413 AD hammered silver penny

Henry V 1413 AD hammered silver penny		Henry V 1413 AD hammered silver penny

1413- 22 Henry V hammered silver half penny - Pierced cross initial mark - 0.925 FINE - Type 3, Small whole annulet either side of crown +HENRIC :REX :ANGL Rev CIVI/TAS/LON/DON - lONDON MINT 0.46g, 12.67mm		1413 AD Henry V hammered silver penny

Longcross penny		1413-22 AD Henry V, hammered silver half penny - Type 3, annulets by crown obv HENRIC REX ANGL rev CIVITAS LONDON 12.88mm

Henry V 1413-1422 hammered silver penny 0.68g		1413 AD Henry V hammered silver penny
1422 - 1461 Henry VI
Henry was king from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471 and whose incompetence helped cause the Wars of the Roses. Henry was a small child when he succeeded his father Henry V in September 1422. After his father's victories against the French he was also proclaimed King of France. By 1437, Henry was considered old enough to rule for himself. However, he was concerned mainly with religious piety and planning Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and his court became divided. Ultimately, the Lancastrian Duke of Somerset squared up against Richard, Duke of York. As the English hold on France eroded, Henry's government lost prestige and authority, making civil war less unthinkable. York's hopes of succeeding Henry were dashed by the birth of Henry's son, Edward, in October 1453. In 1455, York gathered forces and won a decisive victory at St Albans, killing Somerset and capturing the King. A Yorkist regime was set up and York was appointed Lord Protector when the King fell ill. Henry recovered in 1456, York lost his power and hostilities were renewed in 1459. After a Yorkist defeat at Ludford Bridge, the Lancastrians took control, but their financial demands shrank their support. York's son, Edward, invaded England in 1460, aided by the Earl of Warwick. They captured Henry in July and York claimed the throne as heir to Richard II. However, he was killed in battle at Wakefield shortly afterwards, whereupon his son, Edward, renewed the family claim. Edwards defeated the Lancastrians in 1461. He was crowned King Edward IV in June. Henry fled with his wife and son, returning to England in 1464 to support an unsuccessful Lancastrian rising. He was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London. A quarrel between Edward IV and the Earl of Warwick led Warwick to restore Henry to the throne in October 1470. However, Edward soon returned to defeat and kill Warwick, before destroying the Lancastrian forces at Tewkesbury in May 1471. The death of Prince Edward in that battle sealed Henry's fate: he was murdered in the Tower of London soon afterwards.
See cleaning tips page using the foil method to clean hammered silver
Stunning 1422 -27 Henry VI hammered silver groat (4 pence) Inital cross 2 obv HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC DNS HYB rev outer legend - POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM inner legend VILLA CASLISIE - Calais Mint Initail mark incurved pierced cross Annulet issue - annulets by neck and between two sets of opposing pellets 3.74g, 26.87mm
Stunning condition Henry VI Annulet issue hammered silver half groat (1422-1427) Calais Mint Standard F type JJ North 1429 Obv HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC DN

1422-6 Henry VI hammered silver halfpenny - Annulet issue Type G, annulet in two quarters of reverse and annulets by bust - Calais mint 0.52g,13.81mm		1435-38 Henry VI hammered silver halfpenny - Satires only to Obverse - no reverse stops - Std 'G' type 0.48g, 13.77mm rev CIVITAS LONDON (London mint)

Hammered silver penny(c)		Hammered silver half pence

1422-7 Henry VI hammered silver penny Annulet issue Calais		1422AD Henry VI hammered silver groat ( 4 pence )

1.78g, 20.39mm 1434- 1435 Henry VI hammered silver half groat (2 pence) HENRIC DIN GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC HYB - leaf mascle type - Calais mint

1422-27 AD Henry VI hammered silver Groat ( 4 pence) - 3.59g, 25.29mm sent to Fitzmuseum for class ID

1426 Henry VI hammered silver half groat (2 pence) Canterbury mint		Longcross hammered silver penny probably Henry VI 1443 AD

Henry VI 1422-7 Annulet issue - Calais mint hammered silver half groat		1422 Henry VI First reign - hammered silver halfpence London mint 0.46g, 14.44mm HENRIC REX ANGL CIVI TAS LONDON

1399 - 1413 Henry VI hammered silver penny,late bust, Cross type V, Muletts by crown, quatrefoil-with-pellet at the centre of reverse cross, annulet in qtr. CIVITAS EBO RACI - York mint		1422 -1427 Henry VI hammered silver half groat - initial mark Cross II - satires - annulet in 2 qtrs of reverse - Std F type rev POSVI DEVM ADITORE MEVR CIVITAS LONDON - City of London mint

1422 Henry VI hammered silver penny		1422 - 7 AD Henry VI hammered silver long cross half penny - Annulet issue Type A1 annulets in VIL and Cal qtrs obv HENRIC x REX x ANGL rev VIL LA CAL LIS - Calais mint 0.36g, 12.80mm

1422-27 Henry VI hammered silver half groat - Annulet issue obv HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC 2 annulets by bust, annulet in 2 qtrs of reverse Calais mint		1454- 1460 Interesting Henry VI hammered silver penny - Satire and B by the neck - should be a Durham issue with ring in centre of reverse but they are missing ?? Needs more research

1427-30 Henry VI hammered silver penny Quartrefoil at the centre of reverse
1461-1483 Edward IV
King Edward IV was was declared successor to Henry VI in 1460. Following York's death that December, Edward defeated Henry's Lancastrian supporters before being crowned Edward IV in June 1461. Until 1470 he concentrated on suppressing opposition to his rule. However, his real problem lay in the Earl of Warwick, 'the Kingmaker'. Warwick expected his support in 1461 to bring him power. However, Edward, while apparently interested only in women and pageantry, was determined to rule independently. In 1464 he embarrassed Warwick, who was planning a political marriage for Edward, by disclosing his secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, a commoner. By showering favours on Elizabeth's relatives, Edward began to build up a faction to counter Warwick. Gradually Warwick lost his influence. Humiliated, he allied himself to Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence, and Henry VI's queen, Margaret of Anjou. Fleeing to France in October 1469, he and Margaret's Lancastrian forces gathered, invading England in September 1470. Edward fled to the Netherlands until March 1471, when he and his brother Richard, duke of Gloucester, returned to England. Taking London, he defeated and killed Warwick at Barnet before defeating the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury. Henry VI was put to death in the Tower. The second part of Edward's reign, from 1471 to 1483, was a period of relative order, peace, and security. He was popular, had a large personal income and was less in need of parliamentary grants than his predecessors, so levied fewer taxes and called Parliament only six times. Commercial treaties, external peace and internal order revived trade, benefiting customs duties and other revenues. Councils were set up to govern in the Marches of Wales and in the north. Edward died in 1483 and Edward and Richard were left in the protection of their uncle Richard, Duke of Gloucester. He housed them in the Tower of London, where he probably had them killed. On the day after the date set for Edward V's coronation Parliament unanimously requested the Duke to take the throne. He accepted and was crowned Richard III.

1464 Edward IV First reign light coinage Type VI Very clear London, Initial mark sun on both sides, Quatrefoils at neck, Fleur on cusps except over crown 3.01g, 25.03mm obV EDWARD DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC rev CIVITAS LONDON		1464-5 Edward IV hammered silver half groat- Quatrefoils by neck- standard F type obv EDWARD DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC HIBERINE rev CIVITAS LONDON - London mint 18.50mm,1.11g

Hammered silver penny (c)		Farthing 1/4 penny

Edward IV 1464 -70 London mint - Plain cross initial mark hammered silver groat 2.63g, 25.65 mm		Edward IV 1461- 1485 hammered silver groat ( 4 pence)

Groat (4 pence) York mint(Civitas EboRaci) found by Canadian Don

1461-4 Edward IV hammerd silver penny		Medieval hammered silver halfpenny 0.36g, 12.22mm Weight of an Edward IV 1464- 70, not confirmed ID yet rev CIVITAS LONDON

1461- 4 Edward IV hammered silver halfpenny - Heavy coinage Class 1a - extra pellets by crown - London mint, obv EDWARD REX ANG rev CIVITAS LONDON 0.47g,13.03mm		1471-83 Edward IV second reign hammered silver half penny 0.37g,12.74mm obv EDWARD DEI GRA REX

Edward IV 1461-1470 AD hammered silver penny Durham (CIVITAS DVNOLIN) Type IV Rose in centre of reverse.		1465 Edward IV silver groat (4 pence) - Norwich mint N on breast - quatrefoils by neck NORWIC

Edward IV 1461-1470 hammered silver penny - Trefoils each side of neck - Quatrefoil-with-pellet at centre of reverse		Unknown 1461 Edward IV DURHAM issue hammered silver penny obv EDWARD REX ANGLIE Note the 4 pellet stops both sides of REX on obv legend - not listed in refernence books, Legend EDWARD REX ANGLIE is an Edward IV Durham issue.

1480-1500 Archbishop Thomas Rotherham hammered silver penny Quartrefoil at the centre of reverse with pellet		1471-83 Edward IV second reign type 2h hammered silver half penny Obv O EDWARD DI [G REX]AN Rev CIVI/TAS/LON/DON - London mint

1461 Edward IV hammered silver penny - York Archiepiscopal Issue - Type VIIiii - quatrefoil each side of neck - Quatefoil - with-pellet at centre of reverse. Obv EDWARD+DI+GRA+REX+ANGL		1472-6 Edward IV 2nd Reign - hammered silver halfpenny - Cross with 4 pellets initial mark - Obv EDWARD DEI GRA REX Rev R CIVI/TAS/LON/DON - London mint

1471 -1483 Edward IV hammered silver groat - possible annulet and pellet initial mark Obv EDWARD ***** Rev CIVI/TAS/LON/DON - London mint